Cannabinoids offer new hope fighting against cervical cancer.

A scientific review of preclinical studies. recently published in Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology Research points to the potential of cannabinoids as allies in the treatment of cervical cancer, especially in advanced or treatment-resistant cases. The research suggests that compounds present in the cannabis plant, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), can strengthen the available therapeutic arsenal and improve clinical outcomes.

Cervical cancer remains among the leading causes of cancer death in women, ranking eighth among all types of cancer and fourth among cancers that most affect women worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Although prevention and early diagnosis have evolved significantly, many cases continue to occur at late stages, with reduced survival rates and insufficient therapeutic responses.

According to this review, published on October 16, 2025, several preclinical studies confirm that cannabis has potential in the treatment of this type of cancer. Cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrate anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and suppressing metastases.

Acting through various molecular mechanisms associated with the endocannabinoid system, two prominent cannabinoids, THC and CBD, exhibit anti-invasive properties in cervical cancer cells, primarily through the induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression, which is mediated by cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2).

THC and CBD increase the expression of TIMP-1, which inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and blocks angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Cannabinoids induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential, activating caspase-dependent cell death pathways, upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins, and downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins. In particular, CBD has demonstrated several specific anticancer properties, including the induction of immune responses that obstruct tumor invasion and angiogenesis, activation of the p38/MAPK pathway, modulation of the RhoA-FAK-Src axis, increased ceramide synthesis through CB receptor activation, and upregulation of normal p53 expression. These mechanisms, together, promote apoptosis and inhibit the growth, survival, and angiogenesis of cervical cancer.

The effects result from the interaction of cannabinoids with different biological mechanisms, including increased oxidative stress in malignant cells and modulation of signaling pathways essential for tumor survival, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR. The regulation of proteins involved in cancer cell migration may also contribute to less aggressive tumor behavior.

One of the most relevant points of the review highlights the possible synergy between cannabinoids and chemotherapy. In laboratory models, the combination with drugs such as cisplatin appears to enhance the cytotoxic effects of conventional therapy. This effect could, in the future, allow for a reduction in chemotherapy doses, decreasing side effects without compromising or improving its effectiveness.

The use of nanotechnology in cannabinoid formulations emerges as one of the most innovative strategies analyzed in the review. Advanced delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, can improve the stability and bioavailability of plant compounds, as well as allow for more precise, targeted administration to the tumor. This approach promises greater therapeutic efficacy and lower toxicity in healthy tissues, one of the central challenges in cancer treatment.

Despite growing enthusiasm, the authors caution about the current limitations of this review. To date, all evidence derives from preclinical studies, and there are still no clinical trials in humans to confirm safety and efficacy. Furthermore, the great heterogeneity of this type of tumor may require specific and personalized strategies, adapted to the molecular profile of each patient. Regulatory and pharmacological issues, such as the low bioavailability of cannabinoids, also continue to be obstacles to translating these results into medical practice.

Nevertheless, the researchers conclude that the integration of cannabinoids as adjuvant therapy could represent a significant advance in the treatment of cervical cancer. As science progresses and robust clinical trials become possible, this approach could bring new hope to thousands of women who face this disease every year.

Read the full review below:
s00432-025-06323-6

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Laura Ramos

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With a degree in Journalism from the University of Coimbra, Laura Ramos has a postgraduate degree in Photography and has been a Journalist since 1998. Winner of the Business of Cannabis Awards in the category "Journalist of the Year 2024", Laura was a correspondent for Jornal de Notícias in Rome, Italy, and Press Officer in the Office of the Minister of Education of the 21st Portuguese Government. She has an international certification in Permaculture (PDC) and created the street-art photography archive “Say What? Lisbon” @saywhatlisbon. Co-founder and Editor of CannaReporter® and coordinator of PTMC - Portugal Medical Cannabis, Laura directed the documentary “Pacientes” and was part of the steering group of the first Postgraduate Course in GxP's for Medicinal Cannabis in Portugal, in partnership with the Military Laboratory and the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Lisbon.

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